Frequency Regulation through Model Predictive Control with Degradation-Aware SOC Control
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64321/jcr.v3i3.02Keywords:
Microgrid, Frequency Regulation, Model Predictive Control, Battery Degradation, State of ChargeAbstract
Low-inertia microgrids experience larger frequency excursions following load disturbances, making fast and sustainable frequency regulation essential. This study evaluates battery energy storage system (BESS)–based frequency support using three control strategies: a PI baseline, normal model predictive control (MPC), and degradation-aware MPC with state-of-charge (SOC) management. A discrete-time swing-equation frequency model and linear SOC dynamics were implemented in MATLAB R2017a. A 10% load step disturbance was applied at (t = 2) s under identical constraints: pu/step, and 0.2. The MPC problems were solved via quadratic programming using quadprog. Results show that normal MPC achieved the best transient performance (lowest RoCoF of 0.0140 Hz/s) but depleted SOC to its lower bound, similar to PI control. Degradation-aware MPC significantly reduced battery stress (throughput 0.0843 and switch cost 0.0013) and preserved SOC at 0.5317 pu, but accepted a lower nadir (49.9363 Hz) and larger steady-state frequency offset. The findings highlight a clear trade-off between frequency quality and battery lifetime-oriented operation
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Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Enesi Abdulrahaman
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